Bibliografia (Italiano)

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d’Ischia, M., A. Napolitano, et al. (1991). Peroxidase as an alternative to tyrosinase in the oxidative polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindoles to melanin(s). Biochim Biophys Acta 1073(2): 423-30.
Kasraee B (2002): Peroxidase-mediated mechanisms are involved in the melanocytotoxic and melanogenesis inhibiting effects of chemical agents. Dermatology; 229-39
Denton CR, Lerner AB, Fitzpatrick TB (1952): Inhibition of melanin formation by chemical agents. J Invest Dermatol; 18:119-135
Curto, E. V., C. Kwong, et al. (1999). Inhibitors of mammalian melanocyte tyrosinase: in vitro comparisons of alkyl esters of gentisic acid with other putative inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 57(6): 663-72.
Ito, Y., K. Jimbow, et al. (1987). Depigmentation of black guinea pig skin by topical application of cysteaminylphenol, cysteinylphenol, and related compounds. J Invest Dermatol 88(1): 77-82.
Hakura, A., Y. Tsutsui, et al. (1996). Mutagenicity of dihydroxybenzenes and dihydroxynaphthalenes for Ames Salmonella tester strains. Mutat Res 371(3-4): 293-9.
Fisher, A. A. (1998). Exogenous ochronosis from hydroquinone bleaching cream. Cutis 62(1): 11-2.
Smith, C. J., K. B. O’Hare, et al. (1988). Selective cytotoxicity of hydroquinone for melanocyte-derived cells is mediated by tyrosinase activity but independent of melanin content. Pigment Cell Res 1(6): 386-9.
Thomas, P. D., H. Kishi, et al. (1999). Selective incorporation and specific cytocidal effect as the cellular basis for the antimelanoma action of sulphur containing tyrosine analogs. J Invest Dermatol 113(6): 928-34.
Passi, S., M. Picardo, et al. (1987). Comparative cytotoxicity of phenols in vitro. Biochem J 245(2): 537-42.
Nazzaro-Porro, M. and S. Passi (1978). Identification of tyrosinase inhibitors in cultures of Pityrosporum. J Invest Dermatol 71(3): 205-8.
Verallo-Rowell, V. M., V. Verallo, et al. (1989). Double-blind comparison of azelaic acid and hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 143: 58-61.
Balina, L. M. and K. Graupe (1991). The treatment of melasma. 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream. Int J Dermatol30(12): 893-5.
Breathnach, A. S. (1996). Melanin hyperpigmentation of skin: melasma, topical treatment with azelaic acid, and other therapies. Cutis 57(1 Suppl): 36-45.
Duteil, L. and J. P. Ortonne (1992). “Colorimetric assessment of the effects of azelaic acid on light-induced skin pigmentation.” Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 9(2): 67-71.
Zaumseil RP, Graupe K (1995): Topical azelaic acid in the treatment of melasma: Pharmacologic and clinical considerations; in Castanet J, Frenk E, Gaupe K (eds): Melasma: New Approaches to treatment. London, Dunitz, pp16-40.
Dooley TP (1997): Topical skin depigmentation agents: current products and discovery of novel inhibitors of melanogenesis. J Dermatol Treat; 8:275-279
Leibl, H., G. Stingl, et al. (1985). Inhibition of DNA synthesis of melanoma cells by azelaic acid. J Invest Dermatol 85(5): 417-22.
Schallreuter, K. U. and J. W. Wood (1990). A possible mechanism of action for azelaic acid in the human epidermis. Arch Dermatol Res 282(3): 168-71.
Kligman, A. M. and I. Willis (1975). A new formula for depigmenting human skin. Arch Dermatol 111(1): 40-8.
Kimbrough-Green, C. K., C. E. Griffiths, et al. (1994). Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients. A vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol 130(6): 727-33.
Nair, X., P. Parab, et al. (1993). Combination of 4-hydroxyanisole and all-trans retinoic acid produces synergistic skin depigmentation in swine. J Invest Dermatol 101(2): 145-9.
Stapczynski, J. S. (1991). Localized depigmentation after steroid injection of a ganglion cyst on the hand. Ann Emerg Med 20(7): 807-9.
Newman, R. J. (1984). Local skin depigmentation due to corticosteroid injection. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 288(6432): 1725-6.
Arnold, J., P. Anthonioz, et al. (1975). [Depigmentizing effect of a glucocorticoid applied topically to black giunea pig skin]. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 169(1): 262-4.
Takeda, K., S. Arase, et al. (1988). Side effects of topical corticosteroids and their prevention. Drugs 36 Suppl 5: 15-23.
Burdock, G. A., M. G. Soni, et al. (2001). Evaluation of health aspects of kojic acid in food. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 33(1): 80-101.
Nakagawa, M. and K. Kawai (1995). Contact allergy to kojic acid in skin care products. Contact Dermatitis 32(1): 9-13.
Maeda K, Fukuda M (1991): In vitro effectiveness of several Whitening cosmetic components in human melanocytes. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem; 42.361-368
Garcia, A. and J. E. Fulton, Jr. (1996). The combination of glycolic acid and hydroquinone or kojic acid for the treatment of melasma and related conditions.PG – 443-7. Dermatol Surg 22(5).
Lim, J. T. (1999). Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid. Dermatol Surg 25(4): 282-4.
Schuppli VR (1950): Studies zur pigmentgenese. Dermatologica; 100:242-246
Wilkinson JF, Ashford CA (1936): Vitamin C deficiency in Addison’s disease. Lancet ; 2:967-974
Nappi, A. J. and E. Vass (1994). The effects of glutathione and ascorbic acid on the oxidations of 6-hydroxydopa and 6-hydroxydopamine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1201(3): 498-504.
Lerner AB, Fitzpatrick TB (1950): Biochemistry of melanin formation. Physiol Rev; 30:91-126
Kameyama, K., C. Sakai, et al. (1996). Inhibitory effect of magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo. J Am Acad Dermatol 34(1): 29-33.
Frenk, E., M. A. Pathak, et al. (1968). Selective action of mercaptoethylamines on melanocytes in mammalian skin: experimental depigmentation. Arch Dermatol 97(4): 465-77.
Jara, J. R., P. Aroca, et al. (1988). The role of sulfhydryl compounds in mammalian melanogenesis: the effect of cysteine and glutathione upon tyrosinase and the intermediates of the pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta 967(2): 296-303.
Kasraee, B. (2002). Depigmentation of brown Guinea pig skin by topical application of methimazole. J Invest Dermatol 118(1): 205-7.
Yamamoto, O. and J. Bhawan (1994). Three modes of melanosome transfers in Caucasian facial skin: hypothesis based on an ultrastructural study. Pigment Cell Res 7(3): 158-69.
Seiberg, M., C. Paine, et al. (2000). The protease-activated receptor 2 regulates pigmentation via keratinocyte-melanocyte interactions. Exp Cell Res 254(1): 25-32.
Minwalla, L., Y. Zhao, et al. (2001). Inhibition of melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes by lectins and neoglycoproteins in an in vitro model system. Pigment Cell Res 14(3): 185-94.
Paine, C., E. Sharlow, et al. (2001). An alternative approach to depigmentation by soybean extracts via inhibition of the PAR-2 pathway. J Invest Dermatol 116(4): 587-95.
Hermanns, J. F., L. Petit, et al. (2000). Unraveling the patterns of subclinical pheomelanin-enriched facial hyperpigmentation: effect of depigmenting agents. Dermatology 201(2): 118-22.
Hakozaki, T., L. Minwalla, et al. (2002). The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. Br J Dermatol 147(1): 20-31.